A new way of modeling the impact of carbon pricing has been developed by University of Auckland doctoral researcher Sina Mashinchi in collaboration with Cambridge University experts.
It shows how a carbon tax targeting emissions-intensive industries, along with a revamped Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), could boost economic growth, with the extra tax generated used to cut GST from 15% to 12.5%.
“I wanted to show that we could move closer to our Kyoto emission targets and still have healthy economic growth,” says Mashinchi.
A signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, New Zealand is committed to cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2020, and by half by mid-century. But in 2013, emissions were up 21% from 1990 levels.
Currently, the ETS is the main economic tool in use here to lower carbon emissions.
Industries start with a set number of carbon credits, and when they use them up through generating greenhouse gases, they have to buy more.
This is meant to encourage practices that will lower emissions.
Critics argue that its lenient application hamstrings the ETS.
The government gives freebies and two-for-one deals to many industrial emitters. And even though agriculture is responsible for half of New Zealand’s emissions, it’s entirely exempt from the scheme (which is right across the world). New Zealand has also bought many “junk” fraudulent credits from Eastern Europe.
The price of carbon credits, currently sitting around $17 per tonne, is too small to change behaviour. But the new modeling shows that even if the price rose to $300, New Zealand still wouldn’t crack the 2050 target with the ETS alone.
Mashinchi argues there’s another fundamental problem: the ETS uses a weak and ill-fitting model.
The model he helped develop is more sophisticated and finely tuned to real New Zealand experience. While the model on which the ETS uses only one year of data, this new model draws on 45 years of economic, environmental and energy data from 1970 to 2014.
“It shows how New Zealand reacted to global events such as the oil shocks and the Great Financial Crisis,” says Mashinchi.
It also shows how New Zealanders responded to past policies, he says – not always as an economist might expect.
The model that the ETS uses on assumes people act rationally, responding to policies and trends in predictable ways, “but people don’t always act rationally.”
Mashinchi experimented with mixes of a beefed-up ETS and a carbon tax.
He found if the price of carbon credits increased to $75 right now, and rose by $20 a year from now on, and a carbon tax for non-ETS sectors was introduced and set at the same levels, the government could use the extra tax take to lower GST by 2.5% to 12.5%.
A business would either pay for carbon credits or pay a carbon tax – not both.
According to the modeling, this would stimulate the economy, encouraging investment in new technologies, energy efficiencies, and public transport, which would create jobs.
GDP would rise by an average 2.2% per year from 2016-2015, while emissions would fall 14.2% from current levels in 2030.
“This still falls short of our Kyoto target, but it’s a lot better than emissions going up,” says Mashinchi.
Introducing a carbon tax is known as Environmental Tax Reform (ETR), something being tried in some form or another in places such as the UK, Germany, and Scandinavian countries.
“The idea behind ETR is very simple,” he says. “It’s about shifting tax from ‘good’ things to ‘bad’ things – from labour, income and investment to pollution and waste. This modelling shows it’s possible to boost GDP and the employment rate, and lower GST, through ETR in New Zealand.”
“We can’t blame our government over the ETS failing, because similar policies failed everywhere, and some countries haven’t even started,” says Mashinchi.
“We should be optimistic about the future. This modeling shows us one economically viable way forward,” he says.
